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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE 



HANDY MANUAL 

FOR 

ARCHITECTS AND 
SCHOOL AUTHORITIES 




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INTRODUCTORY. 

Modern schoolhouse exterior is, perhaps, as 
much the reflex of the popular taste in archi- 
tecture, as exemplified in the average school offi- 
cial, as it is the product of the architect. !No 
doubt schoolhouse exteriors would be the gainer 
in beauty, simplicity and dignity if the archi- 
tect had always dared to give full expression to 
his own ideas. 

But, schoolhouse designs are made to sell 
rather than to educate public taste. The archi- 
tect must try to please the taste or fancy of 
prospective patrons. When he is thrown into 
close competition, he cannot afford to deal in 
ideals. He must meet conditions. 

It is, therefore, safer to yield to the sugges- 
tions of an experienced architect than to insist 
upon hobbies in the matter of design and form. 

WHEN IS AN* ARCHITECT NECESSARY. 

The impression prevails in some localities that 
an architect is not necessary in the planning 
and construction of a small schoolhouse. This 
is erroneous. 

An architect should always be drawn into 
counsel— whether the conteimplated schoolhouse 
be large or small. Even small buildings should 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

be planned with a view to beauty, convenience 
and adaptability. The cost is not materially in- 
creased thereby, and the advantage derived from 
an architect's knowledge and direction are im- 
measurable. 

In brief, it is cheaper in the end to allow a 
competent architect to plan the school and 
superintend its construction, 

WHAT SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE MEANS. 

The building of a schoolhouse involves an 
obligation — an educational] obligation, if you 
please — in that the accepted ideas on beauty, 
gTace and dignity in architecture should be car- 
ried out. The education of the community is 
aifected by its architecture — and its architecture 
is a reflex of the standard of the controlling 
elemeoit of that community. 

It is the highest of the industrial arts and 
the most useful of the fine arts. The poet desig- 
nates architecture as "frozen music." 

It is an art, which has for its object to pro- 
duce effects pleasing to the eye and mind, as 
well as to satisfy requirements of convenience 
and stability. Yitruvius defines its essential 
qualities in stability, utility and beauty, and the 
most perfect architecture is that which most 
completely reconciles these requirements with- 
out sacrificing to another. 



ESSENTIALS IN 

SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 



Architect's Fees. — 5 per cent. — viz : 3 per cent, 
for plans, 2 per cent, for suiierintendence. 

Balustrade or Hand Railing — Should be plain, 
smooth and of hard wood, to permit an easy 
grasp with a child's hand. Three inches inter- 
val diameter is about the right size for a wood 
hand rail and 1:| inches is the right size for 
pipe hand rail, which is by far the best for 
small children. Tf the pipe hand rail be used, 
-it should be supported on wrought iron brackets 
and the ends of the rails returned back to the 
partition or wainscoting. 

Basement — Should be high and well lighted 
— 10 foot ceiling. It should be shut off by 
tinned doors from boiler room, if such is located 
in basement, fitted with spring butts or door 
checks. Tf the building is large, and especially 
if the heating and ventilating apparatus is to 
1)0 installed therein, the basement should be 
12 feet high. 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

Blackboards —Should be 2-^ feet from floor in 
grammar and high schools; in primary schools 
26 inches from floor. Top of blackboard should 
not be higher than (U feet from floor. Chalk 
troughs should be 3 inches wide. Slate black- 
boards cost about 25 cents per square foot placed 
on wall ; artificial blackboards about 16 cents per 
square foot. If the latter are used, they should 
be placed on the wall made with expanded metal 
lath. 

Boiler and Coal Rooms. — Brick pavement laid 
on edge or stone flagging should be used. When 
asphalt is used, it should be laid at least ^ inch 
thick. Wooden floors in basement should be 
without air space, laid on sleepers bedded in con- 
crete, with perfect damp proof courses beneath. 
Floors may also be made with Portland cement. 
The most satisfactory floors for basements are 
those covered with rock asphalt (the same as 
used for street paving) to a depth of i or ^ inch, 
oh a concrete base. Such floors are known to 
have been laid for ten years without showing 
any appreciable wear and without having neces- 
sitated the slightest repair. 

Ceilings — The ceilings should be fireproofed 
by either the use of ornamental, stamped metal 
plates or plastered with some of the patent hard 
plasters, such as Adamant, Imperial or Eock 
Wall, applied to metal lathing. Wooden ceil- 
ing are frequently used, but are not recom- 
mended. 

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Chimneys. — Height of chimney and size of 
flue should receive the maximum in accordance 
with size of heating apparatus. The size and 
height of flue should he made as directed by 
heating contractor. 

Class Rooms — Should have 15 square feet of 
floor space and 200 cubic feet of air space for 
each pupil. Ilooni should be 30 feet in length, 
25 feet in width and 13 feet in height, to accom- 
modate 48 iDupils. The floor space of 23x33 is 
frequently provided to accommodate 50 pupils. 
The latter size makes a better classroom. 

Cloak Rooms — Should adjoin the classrooms, 
with outside light, and should be thoroughly 
ventilated. In case of wet weather, the gar- 
ments are apt to retain an odor, which is un- 
healthful. 

Coal.— One cubic foot of anthracite, coal 
weighs about 56 pounds.j^ One cubic foot of 
bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds. 
One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of 
wood for steam purposes. 

Corridors — Should be wide and given all the 
light which the general arrangement of the 
building may permit. The minimum width 
should be 11 feet, but 13 feet would be prefer- 
able, in larger buildings. They should be shut 
off from stairways by swinging doors to 
avoid draughts and prevent the cold from enter- 
ing corridors direct. 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

Deafening. — The use of deafening for floors 
and walls in harnessing sound has proven quite 
practical. The noise in corridors and stair- 
ways, as well as in adjoining rooms, is con- 
siderably lessened. Deafening should not be 
fastened to the lining or finished floor, but so 
laid as to lie loose between the two. 

Doors. — All doors should open outward ex- 
cept those into classrooms, which should open 
in, being thus under the control of the teacher 
in case of panic. What little loss of life has 
occurred in the schools of the countr^^ has been 
due to the fact that teachers were unable to con- 
trol the rush of the children from the rooms 
during a panic. Vestibule doors should be hung 
with double swinging spring butts. Outside 
doors should have checks and springs to make 
them self-closing. 

Drainage. — ]S[o site should be selected unless 
sub-drainage, if necessary, can be assured. Lot 
should be higher than street or alley. The nat- 
ural or made grade should be sloped in all direc- 
tions from the building. This will ensure a 
dry basement. 

Entrances. — The main entrance or entrances 
should be wide and equipped with a vestibule, 
where the early comers may find shelter until 
the school is opened. A recess or portico may 
also be provided for shelter, in place of a ves- 
tibule. To the basements there should be sep- 
arate entrances for both sexes. 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

Elevators. — These are needed only in the 
thickly populated districts of large cities. They 
should be large in size, equipped with safety 
appliances and in charge of competent and care- 
ful men. 

Excayations. — In making excavations, care 
should be taken to see that the soil is suitable 
for the foundation contemplated. The archi- 
tect's attention should be called to any indica- 
tion of quicksand or soft places. 

Exposure. — Authorities differ considerably on 
this subject. There are those who favor north 
light, because it is more steady. Southern ex- 
posure is favored because sunlight is most de- 
sirable as a disinfectant. Both conditions are 
desirable, but cannot be secured at the same 
time. Good sense dictates that sunlight should 
be had, at least, during a part of the day — thus, 
making east exposures most desirable. West ex- 
posure is the) leasf desirable. 

Feaces. — If used at all, should be open so as 
to permit the air to circulate through them and 
to enable the sunlight to cover the yard. They 
should be at rear or side of grounds. They 
should be neat and unclimable. On north line 
a stone or brick wall is desirable, as it will offer 
protection against the northern winds. 

Flooring — TTard wood is more sanitary, more 
easily swept and kept clean. Maple or Georgia 
or Florida pine wood makes desirable flooring. 




THE WADLEIGH HIGH SCHOOL. NEW YORK CITY. 

C. B. J. Snyder, Architect, New York City. 



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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

Maple is most desirable. Should be thoroughly 
oiled and swept with dustless oil brushes. Floor- 
ing in boiler rooms should consist of brick pave- 
ment. Basements should be laid with asphalt, 
I inch thick, or with cement. If wooden floors 
are used in basement, they should be laid on 
concrete bed. In specifying Georgia or Florida 
pine care should be taken to limit the width to 
2| inches, and the quality as being comb 
grained. Otherwise it is the poorest floor which 
can be put down. 

Floors — Ought to be double. The under floor 
may be made of common match fencing or sound 
dressed boards. (See Deafening.) The under or 
lining floor should always be laid in diagonal 
order. This not only stiffens and strengthens 
the entire floor, but permits the laying of the 
upper flooring in the correct direction in all 
cases. 

Floor Plans. — No portion of a building should 
be studied more carefully than the floor plans. 
Economy of space or rather utility of space and 
proper lighting should be the prime object in 
mind. The accessibility of the classroom, con- 
sidering their use, the width of the corridors, 
the location of cloak rooms, teachers' rooms, etc., 
should be taken into account. This booklet 
treats the requisites under their separate head- 
ings. 

Foundations.— Stone is preferable to brick, un- 
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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

less the latter is a hard clinker or artificial brick. 
Stone with fiat bed should be selected wherever 
expedient. Concrete for footings, where clean 
gravel or broken stone can be obtained, is pre- 
ferable to stone footings. The thickness in all 
cases should vary in accordance with the weight 
to l3e carried. 

Height. — No school building should be more 
than three stories high. Two storied buildings 
are always preferable. The ceilings should be, 
at least, 13 feet high, thus, enabling ample win- 
dow space. 

Huinidity. — The average percentage of mois- 
ture in the outdoor atmosphere is 70 per cent. 
The average house atmosphere during the 
months of the year when artificial heat is em- 
ployed, contains from 10 to 20 per cent, of air 
moisture. This means a dryness which is 
greater than that of the deserts at their driest 
period, during which the moisture is reduced 
to from 12 to 25 per cent. A mummified and 
shriveled appearance of the human skin is 
caused by a dry atrnosphere. The ruddy com- 
plexion and red cheeks of English men and wo- 
men are due to air moisture. It is a remarkable 
fact that while it may require a temperature of 
70 degrees to ensure physical comfort — with a 
relative humidity of 50 per cent, you will be 
comfortable at 65 degrees of warmth. In other 
words, if the air moisture is adequate, you will 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

be comfortable in a temperature of 5 degrees 
less. This, it has been estimated, will make a 
fuel saving of from 12^ to 15 per cent. 

The Hiimidostat — Is a device which regulates 
the air moisture in a room and holds it at any 
desired degree. It is the invention of Prof. 
Warren S. Johnson of the Johnson Service 
Company, Milv/aukee, Wis. 

Janitor's Room. — The janitor should be given 
a room in the basement in which he may make 
small repairs and store schoolroom parapherna- 
lia. It should be equipped with a work bench 
aiid some shelfing. Where the plans permit, to 
do SO', conveniently, the room should be acces- 
sible directly from the outside. 

Lighting". — The window area should be at least 
1-5 of the floor space. Where light is poor, it 
should be l of that space. The light should 
come from one side of the room only, and pass 
"over the left shoulder. The windows should be 
close to the ceilings and ought not to be nearer 
than three feet to the floor. 

Material. — The material to go on the exterior 
of a building is determined somewhat by the 
accessibility of stone, brick or lumber in your 
vicinity. If good stone is within easy reach, 
it may be cheaper than other material, all things 
considered. A wooden building should be con- 
structed only when brick or stone is too expen- 
sive. 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

Metal Work. — The principal metal work is 
confined to> the heating- system. Outside of 
this, tin or galvanized iron may be used for 
roofing; also for gutters and down spouts. 

Partitions — Movable. - There are instances 
where movable or sliding partitions are prac- 
tical. An assembly room, which may be too 
large, can, in whole or part, be cut up into class- 
rooms. This may be desirable where a school 
is temporarily crowded. 

PriucipaPs Room. — This room should be so 
located as to be most accessible from all parts 
of the building. If the building is designed for 
both graded and high school purposes, the prin- 
cipal's room should be nearest the high school 
department. 

Roofs.— In shingling roof, tinned or galvan- 
ized iron nails should be used. Other nails 
■rust more easily. Slate or tile roofs are desir- 
able and can be had in black, green or red colors. 
They make a durable and handsome roof. Tile 
is the more expensive. For flat roof composi- 
tion, tin or tar and gravel may be used. Do 
not have high roof for low lot. Avoid cut up 
or angled roofs on economic grounds — these 
roofs, unless very securely constructed, may in- 
volve considerable expense in repairs. On the 
whole, the roof should be in keeping with the 
general design. 



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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

Site — Must be central in point of school popu- 
lation. Corner lot most desirable. Should be 
away from noise and polluted air. High in or- 
der to secure best of drainage. Playgrounds 
about 30 square feet for each child. While this 
is the English standard it cannot very well ap- 
ply to large cities, where ground space is too 
expensive. 

Stair Cases — Circular stair cases should be 
avoided. The stair-raisers should be 6^ inches, 
with 13-inch treads, in primary schools. In 
other schools, 7-inch riser, with 13-inch treads. 
In high building, with only one set of stairs, 
they should be fireproof. Kubber or other mats 
should never be used on any staircases. No 
school building of two stories or more should 
have less than two staircases. 

Steam. — The average consumption of coal for 
steam boilers ranges from 6 to 8 lbs. per hour 
for each square foot of grate surface. 

To find the pressure in pounds per square inch 
of a column of water, multiply the height of the 
column in feet by .434. 

Steam rising from water at its boiling point 
(212 degrees) has a pressure equal to the atmos- 
phere (14.7 lbs. to the square inch). 

To evaporate one cubic foot of water requires 
the consumption of about 7^ lbs. of ordinary 
coal, or about 1 lb. of coal to 1 gallon of water. 

Teacher's Bookcases. — A bookcase 12 inches 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

deep for the use of the teacher should be pro- 
vided. 

Teacher's Wardrobe — Or case, for the teach- 
er's use, 16 inches in depth, sliould be provided. 

Temperature. — The temperature of the class- 
rooms should be kept at 70 degrees. A varia- 
tion from this is likely to result not only in dis- 
comforts, but in a detriment to the health of 
the schoolroom occupants. A room that is too 
hot is likely to cause perspiration, and a con- 
sequent chill, when the body is suddenly exposed 
to a cold outdoor temperature. Near the sea- 
coast or in humid climates 68 degrees is better 
for children than 70 degrees. A uniformity of 
temperature can only b© secured by thermostats 
which work automatically. 

Teacher's Room. — Such a room should be pro- 
vided wheTever six or more teachers are em- 
ployed. It should be provided with closets, a 
wardrobe, tables and chairs. 

Toilet Rooms. — Modern schoolhouse plans pro- 
vide for toilet rooms on every floor, as being 
the most desirable. These should be so arranged 
as to secure a complete separation of the sexes, 
built entirely sanitary, using no wood in floors 
or partitions. If placed in basement, as is now 
customarily done in smaller buildings, they 
should be accessible from the playroom. The 
seats should be hidden from view by screened 
partitions. It is not necessary, however, or even 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

desirable, that the several seats be enclosed by 
doors. Partitions dividing the seats is suffi- 
cient. • 

Trees — Are desirable where the grounds are 
ample. They should be located at least 30 feet 
from the schoolhouse. 

Ventilation. — Thirty cubic feet per minute, 
per pupil, or 1,800 cubic feet, per hour, is the 
accepted standard for schoolroom ventilation. 

Walls— Plastered — Should be painted in oil 
under blackboards, where not wainscoted. 
Above, they may be calcimined or in water 
colors. Ceilings always in dead white. Walls 
in soft gray tint or other subdued shades. The 
tint of the side walls should be dependent en- 
tirely upon the exposure. For instance a grey 
tinted wall for a northern exposure would be 
oxtreanely depressing. 

Wardrobes — Should have outside light, and 
should be warmed and ventilated. Width should 
be not less than 4 feet. Hooks for hanging- 
clothes are placed. 5 feet from floor in grammar 
schools, 4 feet in primary schools, or the differ- 
ent heights may be attended in the same ward- 
robe. The hanging space is 25 feet for 50 pu- 
pils. Stand for umbrellas and overshoes, and 
shelves for lunch baskets, should be provided. 

Windows.- — Window space should be 1-5 of the 
floor space and in unfavorable light fully |- of 
floor space. Dark rooms can be brightened by 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

glass prisms. The top of windows should coine 
as near the ceiling as the casing, which should 
not exceed 6 inches in width, will permit. It 
has been held that windows should be evenly 
distributed and not grouped in order to secure 
a better diffusion of light. Authorities are, 
however, coming more and more to realize that 
the shadows thrown by piers between windows 
are extremely injurious to the eyesight of chil- 
dren. Should not come nearer the floor than 
3 feet. Double glazing will save thirty-three 
per cent, of heat, which is lost through a single 
glazed sash. 

Window Shades. — Adjustable fixtures should 
be obtained so that the light may be secured 
from the top or bottom as may be necessary. 

Wood Finish. — There should be no radical de- 
parture from the natural wood finish. These 
finishes always look well, if oak, birch or pine 
lumber is used for the interior wood work. If 
a cheaper material is used, requiring a paint 
finish, the color should be in light gray or yel- 
low tint. If soft X)r yellow pine is to be made 
in natural finish, the first coat should be shellac, 
in order to prevent it from becoming dark with 
time. Deep cut molding should be avoided as 
these are dust catchers. 



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HEATING AND VENTILATION. 



The hef^ting and ventilation of buildings are 
so intimately connected that they cannot be 
treated separately. With a few exceptions in 
the extreme south, every school building in the 
United States needs some form of heating, and 
some form of ventilation. Heating and ven- 
tilation are the very heart and vitals of a build- 
ing, because if both are not properly done the 
building, however it may be constructed other- 
wise, is an absolute failure for the purpose for 
which it was intended. 

Methods of Heating. — There are only three 
methods of heating of school buildings which 
can be considered at all, for heating a building 
by stoves is absolutely out of the question at 
the present time, except in buildings of two or 
1hree rooms in country districts. Stoves give 
absolutely no ventilation, and ventilation is a 
prime requisite, as we state above. There re- 
main, therefore, three possible ways of heating 
— by hot air furnaces, by steam and by hot 
water. 

Furnace Healing. — So far as sufficiency of 
heat is concerned, and also ventilation, furnace 
heat may be very good, or it may be very bad. 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

In fact, the old form of hot air furnaces, built 
similarly to those used in private houses, are 
absolute failures in giving ventilation. Hot air 
furnaces are made, however, which are of ample 
capacity for heat, and give adequate ventilation, 
and have been used largely throughout the coun- 
try. Be sure that the furnaces used are durable, 
well set in brick, and with ample inlets and 
outlets for the adequate supply of air, which 
will be discussed later on. 

Steam Heating. - — There are three methods 
by which a building may be heated by steam: 
First, by direct radiation, by which all the 
heating is through the means of radiators, or 
coils. Such heating is as bad as a stove, and 
should never be tolerated for an instant, as it 
supplies no ventilation. Second, by direct radia- 
tion with ventilating ducts, i. e. the use of radia- 
tors or coils in the room to furnish the heat, 
with a system of ventilating pipes, which fur- 
nish sufficient air for the room at a temper- 
ature of 68 or TO degrees. This is a good form 
of heating, and the^ fact that the direct radia- 
tion in the room secures an abundance of heat 
at all times, and a proper amount of tempered 
air is also furnished throughout the ventilating 
lines, the system is complete. The third form 
purely indirect, is where all of the heat and 
all of the ventilation is given from the same 
flue. This is called an indirect method, there 
being no radiators in the room. This system 
is used a great deal in the middle west, and 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

seems to be well liked by those who have used 
ii largely, Tn this case there must be both tern- 
pered and hot air, so that when the room ar- 
rives at 70 degrees the air can be modified so 
as to keep the room at the right temperature, 
but at the same time not to restrict the ven- 
tilation. 

Natural Ventilation. — Natural ventilation is 
ventilation caused by the heating of the air of 
the building, which, making it lighter, causes 
it to rise into the room, and from the room out 
at the roof. While this form of ventilation is 
better than none, it is very unreliable, and 
shduld never be used in a building where there 
are six or eight rooms or more, and where 
mechanical ventilation can be afforded. 

Mechanical Ventilation. — Mechanical ven- 
tilation means the forcing of air into the room 
by means of fans or blowers. It is well known 
that a fan or blower of a certain size, with a 
certain number of revolutions, will force a cer- 
tain amount of air, consequently the amount 
of air forced into the room remains the same 
at all times, whatever the direction of the wind 
outside, or whatever the outside temperature 
may be. These fans may be run by a low pres- 
sure of steam from the boilers, and the ex- 
hausts from the general engine, run into the 
hausts from the engine run into the heating 
pipes. By that method the cost of running the 
fan is almost nothing. Fans are sometimes ran 
by electricity, gas engines or water motors. 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

The Amount of Air Required for Ventila* 
tion. — By a great many experiments it has 
been determined that the lowest possible amount 
of air which should be fnrnished is 30 cubic 
feet per minute, or 1,800 cubic feet of air for 
each occupant in the room. A less quantity 
than this is unhealthfid, and a greater quantity 
is wasteful. 

Temperature Regulation. — Every school- 
house equipped with a heating system either of 
steam, hot water or hot air should be supplied 
with automatic temperature regulation. School 
authorities who have given the subject no atten- 
tion, frequently confound temperature regula- 
tion with ventilation. The latter deals with the 
supply of fresh air while the former controls the 
temperature and prevents the rooms in a school 
from becoming too hot or too cold. The ad- 
vantages derived in temperature control or regu- 
lation are two fold. 

First, by holding the temperature in a school- 
house at say 70 degrees, all waste of fuel is pre- 
vented and consequently a considerable saving 
in money is effected. Thousands of dollars have 
been wasted in a single schoolhouse by overheat- 
ing it and securing a cooler temperature by 
opening the windows. Every particle of excess 
heat which goes out of the window is an actual 
waste of the public funds. If the outdoor tem- 
perature is 30 degrees it will require 40 degrees 
of heat to bring the schoolroom temperature up 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

to 70 degrees. If, however, the outdoor tem- 
perature is 50 degrees only 20 degrees of heat 
are required to ensure the comfort of the school- 
loom. A reliable system of temperature control 
will furnish the exact amount of heat required 
and avoid all excess consumption of fuel and 
consequently avoid all extravagance in this di- 
rection. 

Second, by keeping the classrooms at an even 
temperature the health and comfort of teachers 
and pupils are promoted. A classroom that is too 
cold causes physical discomforts which may re- 
sult in ill health. A classroom that is too hot 
is even worse. The average teacher will resort 
to an open window for relief. The draughts 
from these open windows are certain to bring 
on coughs and colds which only too frequently 
end in throat or pulmonary troubles. The cause 
of education is promoted by the hygienic sur- 
roundings and the physical comfort of the pu- 
pils as well as by teachers and text-books. 
Hence automatic temperature regulation is 
regarded by the highest authorities as a neces- 
sity. A schoolhouse without it cannot be con- 
sidered to be strictly modern. 



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SCHOOL HOUSE PLANS. 



General specifications to be prepared and sub- 
mitted by Boards of Education, inviting archi- 
tects to submit plans. These may prove sug- 
gestive in formulating specifications for larger 
or smaller buildings, omitting or adding such 
items as the school in contemplation may re- 
quire : 

PLANS. 

Competitors are required to submit the fol- 
lowing plans : 

A plan showing the location on the lot, which 
shall be drawn to the scale of one-sixteenth inch 
to the foot. 

A plan of each story and of the basement. 

Four elevations, one of which may be shaded. 

Two sections, through auditorium; one north 
and south and one east and west. 

All plans, except the first mentioned, shall be 
drawn to the scale of one-eigth inch to the foot. 

(Here follow some directions to the architects, 
regarding the details of the preparation of their 
plans, which are not of interest except to them.) 

The plans shall not be shown to any of the 
41 




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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

competitors nor to the public until the decision 
has been announced. 

One design only shall be submitted by each 
competitor. 

Comioetitors may submit such additional plans 
for said design as they choose. 

A brief typewritten description should accom- 
pany the plans, calling attention to points of 
special importance. 

The object of the competition is to select a 
general «cheme of arrangement and design, and 
in making their selection, the board will con- 
sider economy of construction, and convenience 
of arrangement, as well as merit of plans. 

The competing architects will submit, with 
their plans, a careful estimate of the cost of 
erecting the building according to their respec- 
tive plans, and this must be aecompanied with 
a certificate of a reputable builder that the 
building can be erected according to such plans 

for a sum not exceeding $ ; also a 

descriptive specification of the material pro- 
posed to be employed, and the mode of construc- 
tion, and of heating and ventilating to be 
adopted. 

The plans will be examined, by the board, 
which reserves the right to reject any and all of 
said plans. 

The board will then make its decision as to 
which plan, if any, is the best, and if any one 
plan is so selected will appoint the author there- 
of the architect of the building. 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

The architect so appointed will make the de- 
tail plans and specifications, and exercise such 
inspection and superintendence, and shall ren- 
der such other assistance in the construction of 
said buildina: as may be required of him by the 
board. Tie shall keep a superintendent on the 
grounds continuously during the construction 
of the building. 

The superintendent employed by the architect 
shall be approved by the board. 

In full compensation for these services, in 
case said building is erected, including all 
changes and alterations in the same, as herein- 
after specified, he shall be paid a commission 
of 5 per cent, upon the contract price. 

The authors of the five plans considered by 
the boards as next in merit to the one selected 
shall each receive the sum of 

All unaccepted plans will be promptly re- 
turned to their authors. 

A plan and its author will be excluded from 
the competition if any attempt is made, directly 
or indirectly, by its author to unduly influence 
the decision of the board; if it is sent in after 
the limit of time named in the invitation, or if, 
in any particular, it violates the conditions of 
the competition. 

The plans are to be sent or delivered on or 

before to the 

secretary of the board, at or before 3 p. m., at 
which time the board will meet and hear a 
personal explana;tion frrim each architect or 

45 




46 



SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

arm of architects submitting plans. Such ex- 
planation not to be limited to a less time than 
20 minutes to each. 

The board reserves the right in accepting any 
plan or plans so submitted to have such changes 
and alterations made in said plan by the archi- 
tect or architects, M'ithout any additional com- 
pensation from said board, as said board may 
deem for the best interest of said school dis- 
trict. 

SITE. 

The site of the proposed building is the block 

of ground bounded on the north by 

street, on the east by street, on the 

south by street, and on the west 

by street. 

The frontage on the several streets is shown 
on the blue-print enclosed, as is also the estab- 
lished grade of the streets surrounding it with 
the present surface of the ground on said block, 
with, the locations of the present buildings 
thereon. 

As the block is surrounded by prominent 
streets it will be necessary that the four eleva- 
tions be of the same materials, that is, common 
brick cannot be used on either. 

The two most prominent streets are 

and streets, and 

being cross streets and occupied 

by residences. 

47 




48 



SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

We believe it would be of advantage to archi- 
tects competing to visit our city and inspect the 
grounds and surroundings. 

REQUIREMENTS. 

The sum available for the complete erection 
of this building, exclusive of heating, ventilat- 
ing, plumbing, electric wiring, gas piping, archi- 
tect's fees, movable furniture and equipment of 

che several laboratories, is $. , and all 

designs must be made with reference to this 
limit. 

The building shall be well lighted, and it 
shall be heated, ventilated, and appointed after 
the most approved methods, and, in every re- 
spect, a building of the first class. 

It shall be heated by and ventilat- 
ed by the fan system. 

It shall be supplied with the Johnson System 
of automatic temperature regulation. 

The building shall be supplied with the nec- 
essary water pipea^ It shall also be supplied 
v\^ith gas pipes, and wired, sO' that it can be 
lighted with gas or electricity. 

The exterior of the building shall) be of 
pressed brick and stone, combined. 

The building shall consist of a well-lighted 
basement and three stories above. 

The stairway shall be of air-proof construc- 
tion from the basement throughout. All hall 
floors shall be either concrete or tile, 

49 




50 



SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

The building must be designed to accommo- 
date at least pupils. 

The first and second stories shall be at least 
14 feet high in the clear; and the third story- 
shall be nowhere less than 9 feet high on the 
vertical walls; and the level part of the ceiling 
shall be at least 13 feet high. 

The building must be supplied with fire 
escapes. 

There shall be water closets located on each 
floor. 

An elevator for supplies is desirable, and 
there should be a janitor's closet on each floor. 

There shall be 1,200 lockers located in the 
halls. 

The building is to contain at least the fol- 
lowing rooTus: 

Three study rooms, to seat 400 each; prefer 
one on first lioor and two on second; or four 
study rooms, +o seat BOO each; prefer two on 
first floor and two on second. 

Six recitation rooms, to seat 20 each. 

Twelve recitation rooms, to seat 30 each. 

Twelve recitation rooms, to seat 40 each. 

There should be a closet in each room. 

Auditorium; to scat from 1,200 to 1,500; 
lower floor if possible. 

Manual training room; basement preferred; 
say south side where ground is lower ; 50 pupils. 

Cooking room; 40 pupils; third story pre- 
ferred. 

Lunch room ; third floor, good size. 
51 




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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

Two rest rooms, for boys and girls, adjoining 
lunch room preferred. 

Gymnasium, with shower bath, for boys and 
girls, separate; attic or basement. 

Commercial department for business and 
shorthand; 50 pupils. 

Typewriting room adjoining commercial de- 
partment; 20 pupils. 

Two chemical laboratories, with small store 
room ; 28 pupils each. 

One geological laboratory, with small store 
room; 28 pupils. 

Two physical laboratories, with small store 
rooms; 28 pupils each. 

Two biological laboratories, with small store 
rooms; 2S pupils each. 

Mechanical drawing, 40 pupils; north light if 
possible. 

Free hand drawing; 50 pupils. 

One lecture room on floor with laboratory; if 
possible raised seats for say 50 pupils. 

Two lecture rooms, level floor, to seat 40. 

Library, with residing room adjoining; second 
floor preferred. 

Principal's olflce, with private room, first 
floor. 

Teachers' room, ladies. 

Teachers' room, gentlemen. 

Bicycle room in basement. 



53 




54 



LAW ON SCHOOLHOUSE 
CONSTRUCTION. 



The following act was drawn by Mr. C. B. J. 
Snyder, the Superintendent of School Buildings 
of Greater jSTew York, and emibodies in a most 
complete manner the provisions for proper san- 
itation, ventilation and protection from fire of 
school houses and other public buildings. Its 
strict observance in the construction of school 
buildings is strongly recommended. 

Section 1. Every schoolliouse and other pub- 
lic building hereafter erected in a city or incor- 
porated village within this state shall be pro- 
vided with a reasonably sufficient number of 
.proper water closets, lavatories, earth closets or 
privies, for the use of i^ersons occupying or ad- 
mitted to such schoolliouse or public building; 
shall be kept clean and free from all noxious 
smells or gases arising from any closet, drain, 
privy, or other nuisance and shall be provided 
with proper means for ventilation in such man- 
ner; that there shall be at all times a sufficient 
supply of pure air therein. 

Sec. 2. Prior to erection or construction of 
any school house or public building, the person 
or persons, or corporation owning thej same 
shall submit a full and complete copy of the 

55 



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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

plans, together with a statement in writing of 
the proposed building, which statement must 
contain a clear and comprehensive description 
properly sworn to by said owner or authorized 
representative of those portions of the proposed 
work which deals with the sanitation, ventila- 
tion and protection from fire of said proposed 
buildings. Such details, statement and copy 
of the plans shall be submitted to and filed with 
the department of buildings, health board or 
other ofiicer or officers having like jurisdiction, 
within an incoi*porated city or village where said 
buildings are about to be erected, and in all 
other places, including any city or incorpor- 
ated village not having any officer or officers 
exercising jurisdiction as a board of health or 
health officer, such detail statement and copy 
of plans shall be submitted to and filed with 
the state board of health. No such schoolhouse 
or other public building shall be erected or con- 
structed until such specifications and plans 
shall have been approved in writing by the de- 
partment of buildings, board of health or officer 
exercising jurisdiction thereof, to whom such 
plans shall be submitted as required by this 
act. The sanitation, ■^.'■entilation and protection 
from fire of every such schoolhouse or other 
public building as provided by this act, shall be 
subject to the inspection of such board of health 
or other officer exercising like jurisdiction dur- 
ing the progress of such erection or construction, 
by its or his agents or servants and shall con- 

57 








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58 



SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

foriti in all things to the reasonMole requlre- 
ni^nts of such board of health or other ottlcer 
of like jurisdiction. 

Sec. 3. Eveiry such schoolhouse and public 
buildinj? for which a detailed statement and 
plans are filed as provided by this act shall be ven- 
tilated in such a manner that the quantity of 
foul or vitiated air exhausted or removed shall 
be positive and independent of atmospheric 
changes, and shall not be less than fifteen cubic 
feet per minute for each person; and the quan- 
tity of fresh air admitted shall be not less than 
fifteen cubic feet per minute for each person 
than such school room and public building can 
accommodate. 

Sec. 4. It is further made the duty of such 
department of buildings, board of health, health 
ofRcer, or other body or person having jurisdic- 
.tion, to have such inspections made from time 
to time as may be deemed necessary, to see that 
the said schoolhouses and public buildings as 
are built in compliance with act are kept and 
maintained in a proper sanitary condition and 
that the provisions of this act are complied 
with. Should said inspection determine the fact 
that the provisions of this act are not being 
complied with, said department of buildings, 
health board or health officer, or other officials 
exercising jurisdiction shall at once issue a 
written order to the trustees, corporation or pub- 
lic officers having charge of, owning or leasing 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

said school house or public building, requiring 
the immediate correction of the violation found, 
giving such time for their correction as may 
be deemed best for the public welfare. 

Sec. 5. All schoolhouses and public build- 
ings for which plans and a detailed statement 
shall be filed and approved, as required by this 
act, shall provide that all halls, doors, stairways, 
seats, passageways and aisles and all lighting 
and heating appliances and apparatus shall be 
arranged to facilitate egress in cases of fir© or 
accident and to afford the requisite and proper 
accommodations for public protection in such 
cases. All exit doors shall open outwardly and 
shall, if double doors be used, be fastened with 
movable bolts operated from the inner face of 
the door. No staircase shall be constructed 
with wider steps in lieu of a xjlatform, but shall 
be constructed with straight runs, changes in 
direction being made by platforms; the rise of 
said staircases shall not exceed eight and one- 
half inches to a step and shall not be less than 
nine inches tread, CKclusive of the nosing. 
Handrails shall be provided on either side of 
all staircases. ISTo door shall open immediately 
upon a flight of stairs, but a landing at least 
the width of the door shall be provided between 
such stairs and. such door. Every public build- 
ing or place of assemblage accommodating five 
hundred persons shall have at least two exits of 
not less than five feet in width and for every 
additional one hundred persons or portion 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

thereof to be accommodated in excess of three 
hundred, an agj2:regate of twenty inches addi- 
tional exit width must be allowed. The stone 
or brick work of the smoke flues for all boilers 
and furnaces shall be at least eight inches in 
thickness and shall be properly capped with 
stone or other similar material: the inside four 
inches of said flues shall be of fire brick, laid in 
fire mortar for a distance of twenty-five feet in 
any direction from the source of heat. All 
smoke flues other than for boilers or furnaces 
shall be lined on the insid© with cast iron or well 
burnt clay or terra cotta pipe, made smooth on 
the inside:, from the bottom of the flue or 
throat of the fireplace, and carried up contin- 
uously to the top of the flue, each section of the 
pipe to be built in as the flue or flues are car- 
ried up, each side of each flue to consist of not 
less than four inches of brick work, well bonded 
together; no flue shall be started or built upon 
any floor or beam of wood; neither shall any 
floor, beam or joist be placed within six inches 
from the interior of a flue, and no wood casing, 
furring or lath shall be placed against or cover 
any smoke flue or metal pipe used to convey 
hot air or steam, but in the case of flues for hot 
air or steam, (his shall not prohibit the cover- 
ing of said flues with metal lath and plaster with 
an air space of seven -eighths of an inch and 
the placing of the woodwork directly thereon. 
ISTo stove pipe shall be placed nearer than nine 
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SCHOOL ARCHITEOTURE. 

tion, ceiling- or woodwork, and in the case of 
furnaces such distance shall be from fifteen to 
thirty inches unless properly protected with 
metal, but in no case shall the distance be less 
than twelve inches. No vertical hot air pipe 
shall be placed in any stud partitions or in a 
wood enclosure unless it be at least eight feet 
distant in a horizontal direction from the fur- 
nace. Steam or hot water pipes shall not be 
I)laced within two inches of any timber or wood- 
work. In the construction of fire escapes the 
balconies shall be made so as to be easily ac- 
cessible from the different floor levels and the 
rails thereof shall not be less than thirty inches 
in height. No iron ladders shall be used in con- 
nection with any fire escape, but there shall be 
provided iron stairways, with a tread of not less 
than seven inches and a rise of not more than 
iiine inches, protected with proper iron hand 
rails. 

Sec. 6. The word schoolhouse, as used in 
this act, shall be tajven and deemed to mean any 
building in which public or private instruction 
shall be given to not less than ten pupils at one 
time; and the words public building as used in 
this act shall be taken and deemed to mean any 
building or premises used as a place of enter- 
tainment, instruction, resort or assemblage, or 
for the purpose of transacting public business 
of any kind or nature whatsoever, when there 
shall be more than ten persons in any such 
building at any one time. Provided, however, 

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that this act shall apply only to cities and in- 
corporated villages. 

Sec. T. Any violation of this act or failure 
to comply with its provisions by any school 
committee, iniblic oiHcer or corporation or other 
persons whatsoever shall be a misdemeanor. 

Sec. 8. This act shall take effect 



67 




THE SCHOOL JANITOR. 



68 



JANITOR SERVICE. 



Rules and Regulations Governing the Duties 
of Janitors. 

The rules ^iven herewith are based upon those 
now in use in Greater l^ew York and adopted 
by a nuinber of school boards throughout the 
United States. Many of the regulations, ser- 
viceable only in the largest cities, have been 
Omitted from the following. Local conditions 
m.ay necessitate the addition of some new rules 
and the omission of others. On the whole, how- 
ever, these rules and regulations will serve as 
a basis for the janitor service in the average 
schoolhouse. 

1. No person shall be eligible for the posi- 
tion of janitor or engineer who is unmarried at 
the time of appointment and under the age of 
twenty-five years. 

2. Every janitor shall reside within fifty 
yards, measured by the nearest route through 
the public streets, of his school building. He 
shall provide himself with a prescribed cap, to 
be worn whenever he is on duty, and see that all 
his assistants are provided in like manner. 

8. A janitor of a school building in which 
there are girls shall have at least one woman 
assistant of mature age, who shall be in attend- 
ance from the opening of the building, and who 

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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

shall in addition to her general duties as assist- 
ant, be specially charged with overlooking the 
yards and playgrounds of the girl's department 
and classes, and the care of the rooms and toilet 
rooms of women teachers. Exceptions to this 
rule may be made by the Committee on Care 
of Buildings. 

4. No janitor or assistant shall be employed 
who cannot speak and read English. 

5. Personal illness on the part of a janitor 
sufHcient to incapacitate him from service, and 
all absences from duty, shall be immediately re- 
ported by the principal of the school to the Sec- 
retary of the School Board, together with the 
name of the person placed in charge of the 
building ; and pay shall be forfeited for the time 
lost through absence, unless the same is ex- 
cused by the Committee on Care of Buildings. 

6. In schools where but one person is em- 
ployed, in case such person is incapacitated and 
fails to furnish a substitute, provision shall be 
made by the principal so that assistance may 
promptly be given and the janitor service main- 
tained. 

7. Application by a janitor for excuse for 
absence with pay on account of illness shall be 
foi*warded to the secretary and shall be accom- 
panied by a physician's certificate; and the ap- 
plication for excuse for absence for any other 
cause shall be accompanied by a written state- 
ment certified by the principal. 

71 






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8. A janitor who has been one year or longer 
in the service of tlie board, calculated from 
July 1 of any year, may he granted,, in the dis- 
cretion of the Committee on Buildings, a va- 
cation with jjay, not exceeding ten days in dura- 
tion, dated from 12 M. of any day from July 1 
to September 1, provided that the principal 
shall certify that the janitor is not required at 
the school building during the time of the pro- 
])osed vacation; and provided that the school 
building be left by the janitor in charge of a 
responsible assistant, whose name and residence 
must be certified to the secretary two days prior 
to the date of the beginning of said vacation, 
and the receipt of such certificate shall be ac- 
knowledged in writing by said secretary. A 
janitor thus leaving his building in charge of 
another shall be held responsible for that per- 
son's acts. 

9. In the event of there being at any time 
a case of contagious or infectious disease in the 
family of a janitor, he shall at once report the 
fact in writing to the principal of the school 
and also to the secretaiy, with a written state- 
ment from an attending physician stating the 
nature of the disease, and whether or not the 
patient is isolated, what other precautions have 
been taken, and whether it will be safe for the 
janitor to perform his duties in the school build- 
ing. 

10. A janitor shall report at the office of the 
secretai*y, at least once each month, the condi- 

73 



SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

tion of the heating' and ventilating" plants in 
the building under liis eharge, and sign his 
name in the register kept for that purpose. 

11. Any janitor intending to resign his po- 
sition shall give the Committee on Buildings at 
least ten days' notice of his intention to so re- 
sign, under a penalty, for a failure to comply 
with this by-law, of a deduction of ten days' 
pay from his salary. 

12. (Sec. lOS. The janitor of a school build- 
ing shall devote his entire time to the care of 
the building i]i his charge, and shall be either 
personally present in such building or have one 
of his assistants present from 8 A. M. to 5 P. 
M, each day, except Sunday, and during such 
other hours as the building is in actual use. He 
shall visit the building at least once on each 
Sunday. 

13. He shall report iiersonally to the prin- 
cipal of the building at the beginning of each 
daily session; shall be in attendance at the build- 
lug during school hours, and shall at all times 
be ready to render personal assistance in case 
of emergency. 

14. He shall take every iDossible care and 
precaution for the safety and preservation of 
the building and school property. 

15. He shall receive, if required, all mail 
matter for the principals, teachers and school 
officers, and on school days immediately and 
personally deliver the same to the principal. 







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16. He shall report to the principal any in- 
stance of the use of any piano before 8 :45 A. M. 
or after the close of the school session, and by 
whom the same was used. 

17. He shall prevent any unauthorized per- 
son from entering the school building or med- 
dling with any part thereof, or with property 
therein. 

18. No dogs or fowls shall be ke(pt on any 
part of school premises, and smoking shall not 
be allowed in any school building at any time. 

19. The janitor shall have all the gates or 
doors leading from the street to the buildings 
and yards open on all school days at 8 :30 A. M., 
and on stormy days at 8:15 A. M., and close 
them thirty minutes after the close of the 
school session, unless otherwise direcetd by the 
senior principal. All exits shall be unfastened 
on the inside during school hours. The doors 
to the main entrance shall be left unfastened 
from S A. M. until thirty minutes after the 
close of the school session on all school days. 

20. He shall visit every room, watercloset, 
])assage stairway, yard, etc., on the school prem- 
ises, before securing the exits at the close of each 
school day. 

21. He shall display the United States Na- 
tional colors upon (or near) the school build- 
ing on all designated legal holidays from sun- 
rise to sunset, and on each school day, raising 
the flag at 8 :30 A. M. and lowering the same at 
the close of the school session, and at such other 

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times as the Board of Education may direct, 
and shall keep and maintain the flags in good 
order and reiiair. No flag other than the Unit- 
ed States National colors shall be so displayed 
at any time. Special orders in regard to disx)lay 
of flags shnll be given by the President of the 
Board of Education. The colors on Decoration 
Day shall be displayed at half-mast. 

22. lie shall regularly wind and regulate the 
clocks throughout the school building, and re- 
port to the principal if any are out of order. 

23. Irle shall keep a suflicient supply of toilet 
paper in every watercloset on the school prem- 
ises. 

24. He shall report in writing immediately 
to the prl]]cipal and secretary of the board any 
damage done to school property, and, in case of 
Are or other great disaster to school premises, 
shall immediately notify the principal. 

25. He shall make small repairs to the heat- 
ing apparatus, locks, doors, furniture, etc., and, 
if adjustable furniture is used, make such ad- 
justments in the height tliereof as may be re- 
quired. All worn out and leaking washers shall 
be replaced from ♦time to time as occasion may 
require. 

26. ]Te shall replace all broken glass and 
sash-cords of the windov/s with new, as often 
as they may bo broken; new glass and sash- 
cords to be obtained from the secretary, subject 
to such rules and regulations as the Committee 
on Supx)lies may prescribe. 

79 




sn- 



SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

27. Pie shall examine all work being done 
upon the premises in liis charge, and report im- 
mediately to the secretary for the borough any 
observation of defective materials, or bad work- 
manship, any overcharge for time and mate- 
rials, or any failure to comply with specifica- 
tions. 

28. He shall disconnect electric light and 
power current from the school building at the 
service switch upon leaving the school building 
each night. Record must be taken and kept, 
with dates, of the gas and electric meter read- 
ings on the first day of each month, of all gas 
and electric meter readings when made by the 
gas ahd electric companies, and of the readings 
of all gas and electric meters when installed and 
when removed, and report of the same shall be 
made in writing to the Secretary of the Board 
of Education. 

29. lie shall keep, in a book provided for 
Ihat purpose, a correct list of all movable ar- 
ticles of furniture, fittings, etc., exclusive of 
those furnished under the list of supplies, and 
i^dd thereto all articles, such as desks, seats, 
radiators, etc., which for any reason are re- 
inoved from their places and left unsecured or 
disconnected. Pie shall also enter in said book 
a complete and accurate list of all articles of 
furniture, including pianos and radiators, that 
are in use in any part of the building. 

80. Pie shall see that no articles are removed 
from the school building by any person except 

81 




82 



SGHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

on the written order of the principal. He shall 
pee that all such deliveries and the reeeipt of 
new furniture, pianos, radiators, etc., are im- 
mediately entered in the book specified in sub- 
division . . All entries must be made in ink; 
no erasure of any word or iigure shall be made 
other than by simi)ly drawing the pen through 
ihe word or figure, but not so as to destroy the 
legibility of the same. The inventory book must 
be kept in a careful manner and in a clean 
condition, and must be submitted to the in- 
spector assigned to the district in which the 
school is situated, for verification and approval, 
by the loth of each month. 

?>1. He shall at the end of each school year 
receive from the principal all school supplies in 
the building, also all keys, and give a receipt 
for the same; and he shall be held responsible 
for all supplies in the store-room during all 
times when the same is not in charge of the 
principal. 

32. He shall honor all requisitions made by 
the secretary for the transfer of school supplies 
from one school building to another. 

33. He shall sweep all the rooms, entries 
passages, stairways, playgrounds, yards and 
closets used for school i)urposes, and shall dust 
all furniture and fixtures in the rooms and all 
window sills, wainscoting and woodwork after 
the close of the school on each school day and 
before 8 o'clock in the morning of the next 
school day thereafter. 




S4 



SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

34. He shall, at least once in each school 
month scrub the floors in all entries, passages and 
stairways in all rooms occupied for school pur- 
poses, and shall dust the side walls, blinds and 
cornices, and clean the mindows every two 
months, or oftener if necessary. Water must 
not be poured or spilled on the floors from pails 
or hose. 

35. At least once each week the doors and 
doorknobs of schoolrooms and the handrails and 
banisters of stairs shall be washed with a solu- 
tion of one-half x>ound soda to three gallons of 
water. 

36. Floors and seats of sanitaries shall be 
washed, thoroughly cleaned and disinfected 
every day after school sessions and kept dry 
during sessions. All pupils' ranges, waterclos- 
ets, urinals, and stalls shall be cleaned down with 
diluted muriatic acid once each month. 

37. Janitors shall thoroughly clean the 
school buildings under their charge immediate- 
ly prior to the opening of the schools in Sep- 
tember in each year. 

38. The water feupply to all automatic flush- 
ing sanitary apparatus shall be turned off at the 
close of school each day, and on again just be- 
fore the opening of the school in the morning. 
Every precaution shall be taken in cold weather 
to prevent all pipes and other apparatus from 
freezing. 

39. All storage water tanks shall be emptied, 

85 




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86 



SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

scrubbed and thoroughly cleaned at least once 
each year, during the vacation period. 

40. The janitor shall keep in order the store- 
rooms, boiler-rooms and cellars, and allow no 
accumulation of ashes, waste paper or refuse 
therein. All ashes and refuse shall be put into 
metal cans furnished by the Board of Educa- 
tion, which shall be placed on the sidewalk daily 
for removal. 

41. Al! smoke pipes, boiler tubes and sections 
shall be kept cleaned and free from soot and 
ashes, and the tops of all smoke, steam and 
water pipes clear of dust. Fronts of boilers and 
furnaces shall be kept neatly painted with black 
varnish and all stoves neatly polished. 

42. Ash pits shall be kept free from accum- 
ulation of ashes and cinders, and every care 
taken of the grates in order that they may not be 
ruined by neglect to keep the pits free and by 
failure to turn and leave revolving grates with 
flat sides up. 

43. Cremating sanitaries shall be burned 
and cleaned out once each month and fire shall 
be continuously kept going in the stack heaters 
in all sanitary vent flues, from the opening of 
school in September until they are burned and 
cleaned out at the close of school in June. 

44. The janitor shall thoroughly ventilate 
every classroom at the close of each school day, 
by opening windows and doors, except in case 
of storm, and again between the hours of 7 and 
8 a. m., weather permitting. 

87 




88 



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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

45. He shall have the temperature of all 
rooms occupied for school purposes at not less 
than 60 degrees Fahrenheit, at 8 a. m., on each 
school day, and maintain the temperature be- 
tween 68 and 72 deigrees Fahrenheit throughout 
such rooms from 9 a. m. until school is dis- 
missed. 

46. He shall have the ventilating apparatus 
in full and complete operation by 8:50 a. m. 
each school day, and run the same to its full 
capacity during school sessions, unless otherwise 
specially directed by the principal. A stoppage 
exceeding twenty minutes in duration will be 
regarded as a violation of this rule, and will sub- 
ject the janitor to forfeiture of pay for the day 
or days (a portion of a day exceeding twenty 
minutes to be regarded as a full day), during 
which the apparatus is not in operation. 

47. He shall keep roof playgrounds, side- 
walks, gutters, yards and grass plots clean and 
clear. 

48. He shall remove all snow from sidewalks 
and gutters in front of the school building be- 
fore 8 o'clock in the morning of every school 
day on which snow falls, and in all cases within 
the time fixed for the removal of snow by cor- 
poration ordinances; and shall remove all snow 
from all yards, pavements and passages within 
twenty-four hours after the cessation of any 
storm. He shall keep fire-escapes clear and 
clean at all times. 

49. He shall visit the roofs at least once each 

89 






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SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

week and examine the same. Snow and other 
accumuh^tion must be removed from roof, play- 
grotmds and all gutters, leaders and leader 
heads, and the same kept free at all times. 
Eirds' nests shall be cleared from all parts of 
the building", and birds prevented from building 
or roosting in any part of the building. 

50. The janitor should preserve intact all 
bamed out or otherwise defective electric lamps 
in buildings having electric light service, and 
when required shall deliver the same to the 
electric light comx^any and receive in return the 
proper equivalent of perfect lamps. When de- 
fective lamps have accumulated to the extent of 
15 per cent, of the reserve, the janitor shall 
notify the electric company to exchange the 
same. 

51. He shall see that the brushes of dynamos 
and motors are kept in proper alignment, with 
good spring tension contact with commutator 
and free from sparking; that commutators are 
kept clean and free from brush dirt and grease. 
In cleaning commutators only No. 00 sand- 
paper and cloth as free from lint as possible 
shall be used; under no circumstances must 
emery cloth be used. 

52. Ilei shall, beforiei sta^tingi miotors, see 
that the starting or controlling rheostats are in 
the "off" position before the main switch is 
thrown in. On alternating current motors care 
must be taken, after shvitting down, that the 
gwitch of auto-starter is in the "off" position 

91 











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SCHOOL ARGHITEOTURE. 

between points, particularly when also con- 
trolled by a main switch at switch board or at 
service; where no auto-starter is used and re- 
sistance is in the secondary of the motor, the 
handle controlling- the resistance must be im- 
mediately pulled out as far as it will go before 
leaving the motor and after pulling the con- 
trolling switch. 

53. Oil cups must be kept properly filled, 
and when motors or dynamos are not in use 
shall be carefully covered with the covers pro- 
vided for the purpose. 

54. The janitor shall replace blown-out fuses 
by new of the same size; he shall keep on hand 
a proper supply of fuses. In the event of a 
fuse blowing more than once at any particular 
time, the circuit i)rotected by said fuse shall 
be left disconnected and the Superintendent of 
School buildings notified at once. 

55. Section 109. An applicant for the posi- 
tion of engineer in a school building in which 
there is any machinery, such as pumps, engines, 
dynamos, fans, etc., shall present to the Secre- 
tary of the Board of Education a certificate 
from some reputable employer showing that the 
applicant has had actual experience of at least 
two years in the care of similar machinery and 
is fully competent to take charge of and make 
repairs to the same. 

56. During the school term when steam pres- 
sure is on the boilers the engineers shall remain 
in and about the boiler room. 

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SCHOOL ARCniTEGTURE. 

57. He shall have chariTre of and be responsi- 
ble for the boilers, engines, dynamos, pumx)s, 
fans, steam pipes and all a])paratus under his 
charge, and take every iDrecaution for the safe- 
ty of the same. 

58. He shall i:)rovide, as far as practicable, 
against damage to any portion of the school 
property arising from the use or non-use of said 
apparatus. 

59. In case re]Dairs are necessary beyond his 
ability to make, he shall immediately report the 
necessity thereof to the Secretary. 

60. Cleaners in school buildings, employed 
by the Board of Education, shall be under the 
supervision of the principal in charge, and sub- 
ject to all rules and regulations governing jan- 
itors. 

61. The princiiDal of each school or dex^art- 
ment shall see that these rules are carried out 
by the janitor, and shall innnediately report in 
writing to the Supervisor of Janitors any de- 
linquency on the part of a janitor, engineer or 
cleaner. 



95 




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Of3 



The Schools in This Book 







The buildings which are 






illustrated in this little vol- 






ume are simply a few of the 






several thousand school 






houses which have been 






equipped with the Johnson 






System of Temperature 






Regulation. 






The list of buildings so 






equipped includes not only 






the recent and most modern 






public and private school 






buildings, but also a long 






list of Normal Schools, Col- 






leges and University located 






in various parts of the 






United States. 












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99 



JOHNSON SERVICE CO. 



MAIN OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
149 151 Michigan St., Milwaukee, Wis. 



BRANCH OFFICES. 

147 Milk St., Room 813, Boston, 3Iass. 

483 Diamond St., Pittsburg, Pa. 

17 Jones Ave., Columbus, Ohio. 

233 Twenty-First St., Detroit, Mich. 

207 South Fifth St., Minneapolis, Minn. 

311 Boston Building:, Denver, Col. 

212 South West Temple St., Salt Lake City. 

Utah. 

JOHN^SON TEMPERATURE 

REGULATING CO. 

240 Fourth Ave., New York City.. 

JOHN.SON TEMPERATURE 

CONTROLLING CO. 

152-154 Lake St., Chicago, Illinois. 

JOHNSON HEAT REGULATING CO. 
205 North Tenth St., Saint Louis, Mo. 

PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC SERVICE 

COMPANY. 

1109 Arch St.. Philadelphia, Pa. 

ELECTRIC SERVICE CO. of BUFFALO, 

125 Erie County Bank B'ld'g, Buflfalo, N. Y. 

JOHNSON TEMPERATURE REGULAT- 
ING CO. of CANADA. 
136 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario. 



100 



SfP 11 1903 



